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<title>Tenpō Reforms</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tenpō Reforms</span></span>

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<p>The <b>Tenpō Reforms</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天保の改革</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">tenpō no kaikaku</i></span>)</span> were an array of economic policies introduced between 1841 and 1843 by the <a href="Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reforms were efforts to resolve perceived problems in military, economic, agricultural, financial and religious systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes were intended to address problems in local politics, but they were also addressed more broadly to "domestic uneasiness." The perceived need for change led to the arrest of many prominent political figures and writers. The reforms became a precursor of reforms initiated after the <a href="Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> two decades later. This reform movement was related to three others during the Edo period: the <a href="Ky%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Reforms" title="Kyōhō Reforms">Kyōhō reforms</a> (1722–1730), the <a href="Kansei_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansei Reforms">Kansei reforms</a> (1787–1793) and the <a href="Kei%C5%8D_Reforms" title="Keiō Reforms">Keiō Reforms</a> (1864–1867).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p><a href="Tokugawa_Ienari" title="Tokugawa Ienari">Tokugawa Ienari</a> became the 11th <a href="Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> in 1788 and ruled Japan for about half a century, the longest reign of any shogun in history. Whenever the shogunate faced financial difficulties, it lowered the gold and silver content of its coins to prevent financial deterioration, which caused inflation and made life difficult for the common people. In 1830, famine and rebellion broke out in many parts of Japan, and in 1837, the <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A1%A9%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%AB%E9%83%8E%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" class="extiw external" title="ja:大塩平八郎の乱">Oshio Heihachiro Rebellion</a> broke out. After Ienari's death in 1841, <a href="Mizuno_Tadakuni" title="Mizuno Tadakuni">Mizuno Tadakuni</a>, a <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="R%C5%8Dj%C5%AB" title="Rōjū">Rōjū</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">老中</span></span>, <a href="Elder_(administrative_title)" title="Elder (administrative title)">Elder</a>)</span>, took over political power and began the Tempō Reforms to revive the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-na180324_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-na180324-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

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<p>The first thing Mizuno did was to crack down on entertainment and ban luxury goods. The "Frugal Ordinance" was enacted, restricting the entertainment culture of the <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Ch%C5%8Dnin" title="Chōnin">chōnin</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">町人</span></span>, townspeople)</span>. Many <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Rakugo" title="Rakugo">rakugo</a></i></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="K%C5%8Ddan" title="Kōdan">kōdan</a></i></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a></i></span>, and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a></i></span> theaters were closed, and shops selling various goods were forced to close. The content of <a href="Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">ukiyo-e</a> prints and popular <a href="Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> was also regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-na180324_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-na180324-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the relocation of the theater in <a href="Asakusa" title="Asakusa">Asakusa</a> on the outskirts of Edo, the closure of the koyi venue, the 7th generation Kabuki performer <a href="Ichikawa_Danjuro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichikawa Danjuro">Ichikawa Danjuro</a>, and the popular literature writers <a href="Tamenaga_Shunsui" title="Tamenaga Shunsui">Tamenaga Shunsui</a> and Ryūtei Tanehiko were punished by the Shogunate and banned the reconstruction of Nakamuraza, a prosperous commercial street that burned down in 1841. Kabuki performers are required to wear hats when they go out to avoid being too conspicuous.

</p><p>Mizuno ordered merchants and craftsmen to lower their prices, but they responded by reducing the quantity and quality of their goods. Mizuno believed that the merchants' guilds called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="Kabunakama" title="Kabunakama">kabunakama</a></i></span>, were the cause of the high prices and had them disbanded, but instead they disrupted the distribution system. As a result, the merchants' guilds were allowed to re-establish themselves in 1851. He brought back the peasants who had migrated from the countryside to <a href="Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> to prevent social instability and raised taxes from the peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-na180324_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-na180324-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In Mito domain, an annual calendar (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">年中行事</span></span> <i>nenjū gyōji</i>) was set up during this period to bring order to society. Families were required to register themselves at the nearest <a href="Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <a href="Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">shrine</a> annually on the 16th of the first and seventh months. A Shinto festival (<i>muramura jingi</i>), meeting (<i>jingi kasihū</i>) or pilgrimage (<i>muramura kamimōde</i>) was scheduled once a month. The popular <a href="Bon_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon festival">bon festival</a> was rewritten as <i>Sensosai</i>, the Ancestor Festival, and was held twice a year. <a href="Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was written out of this religious calendar, since the government revoked its support for existing Buddhist institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1842, Mizuno revoked the 1825 <a href="Edict_to_Repel_Foreign_Vessels" title="Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels">Edict to Repel Foreign Vessels</a> issued during the reign of Tokugawa Ienari and replaced it with a policy of forcing foreign ships to leave by providing them with firewood and water. Instead, to protect the country from foreign ships, he required each coastal domain to prepare cannons and submit plans for a watchtower, and he also proposed a policy of placing a 40-kilometer square area around Edo and <a href="Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, respectively, under the direct control of the shogunate. The bureaucrats and common people in the areas to be placed under the direct control of the shogunate reacted strongly against this policy, and Mizuno was eventually removed from his position as <i>Rōjū</i>. This was the end of the reform. When Mizuno was dismissed, the common people exploded with emotion, surrounding Mizuno's residence, cursing him and throwing stones at his house. Eventually, Mizuno was reinstated to the position of <i>Rōjū</i> to deal with foreign ships, but his insistence that Japan should open up to the outside world was not accepted by other shogunate actors, and the era moved into the <a href="Bakumatsu_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakumatsu era">Bakumatsu era</a>, when Japan was divided over the issue of opening up to the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-na180324_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-na180324-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2></div>

<p>The shogunate's interventions were only partly successful. Intervening factors like earthquakes, famine and other disasters exacerbated some of the conditions which the shōgun intended to ameliorate.

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<ul><li><b>July 20, 1835</b> (<i>Tenpō 6, 14th day of the 6th month</i>): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude: 141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the <a href="Richter_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Richter Scale">Richter Scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov">...Click link to NOAA/Japan: Significant Earthquake Database</a></li>

<li><b>April 25, 1843</b> (<i>Tenpō 14, 26th day of the 3rd month</i>): Earthquake in Yezo, Kushiro, Nemuro (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTraugott1995" class="citation book cs1">Traugott, Mark (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XuFqsN13woC"><i>Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 147. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-1546-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, John Whitney <i>et al.</i> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_BrQL4Pn0QC&dq=tokugawa+ienari&pg=PA21"><i>Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan,</i> p. 21.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTraugott1995" class="citation book cs1">Traugott, Mark (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XuFqsN13woC"><i>Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 147. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8223-1546-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-na180324-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-na180324_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-na180324_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-na180324_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-na180324_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318110933/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tempo-no-kaikaku/"><bdi lang="ja">天保の改革</bdi></a> (in Japanese). The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/tempo-no-kaikaku/">the original</a> on 18 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ketelaar, James Edward. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy0Wp6OpIPkC&pg=PA52"><i>Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution</i>, pp. 52–53.</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NOAA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Online "Significant Earthquake Database", U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC)</span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="John_Whitney_Hall" title="John Whitney Hall">Hall, John Whitney</a> and <a href="Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Marius Jansen</a>. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_BrQL4Pn0QC"><i>Early Modern Japan: The Cambridge History of Japan.</i></a> Cambridge: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-22355-3</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/isbn/0521223555">OCLC 62064695</a></li>

<li>Ketelaar, James Edward. (1990). <i>Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution.</i> Princeton: <a href="Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-691-05599-2</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20996545">OCLC 20996545</a></li>

<li>Traugott, Mark. (1995). <i>Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action.</i> Durham, North Carolina: <a href="Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-822-31527-8</bdi>; <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-822-31546-9</bdi>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243809107">OCLC 243809107</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529122817/http://www.man-pai.com/Artigos/reformas_tenpo_e.htm">The Tenpo Reforms</a></li></ul>

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